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Tourism, education and health-related travel services UK trade in tourism, education and health-related travel services 241.Of the sectors covered by this inquiry, only trade in travel services falls under WTO (GATS) mode 2 (‘consumption abroad’), whereby a consumer of services travels to the location of the service provider. While a traveller is defined as a […]

Digital services Digital services in the UK 126.The ONS measures trade in telecommunication, computer and information services, which includes trade in “computer, news agency and other information provision related service transactions”, and telecommunications services including the “broadcast or transmission of sound, images, data or other information.” In 2015, the UK had a sizeable surplus in […]

Description of Sector All major global vehicle manufacturers with plants in the UK are foreign owned. In general, the business model for volume vehicle producers is to use UK sites to supply the European market (with alternative sites in Asia and the Americas supplying those markets). Investment decisions and sourcing choices are often made from […]

Manufacturing (including Catering, Retail and Wholesale) Sector Coverage 4. This paper covers market access and trade issues around forestry, retail, agricultural, animal and plant health, food and drink manufacturing and related biotech products. This includes: – Basic agricultural commodities (e.g. grain, milk); – Food (e.g. dairy, fish, processed products etc.); – Alcoholic beverages; – Animal […]

Description of sector The water and waste sectors provide essential infrastructure and services to homes and businesses in the UK. The Current EU Regulatory Regime Summary European legislation plays a greater role in determining the shape and size of the waste market than in water. Regulations include: – those relating to activities that have a […]

The current EU regulatory regime Main Sector-Specific Rules Governing the Provision of this Activity in the EU The IEM provides a technical framework for the transmission, distribution and efficient trading of electricity and gas; transparency to ensure fair access to others’ networks; a regulatory co-operation mechanism; and measures to ensure security of supply and deal […]

Description of sector This paper covers the wholesale gas market, the gas transmission and distribution networks and the retail market. The current EU regulatory regime Main sector-specific rules governing the provision of this activity in the EU The Internal Energy Market (IEM) provides a technical framework for the transmission, distribution and efficient trading of electricity […]

Description of sector Insurance business operates by firms writing insurance policies for clients,intermediated by brokers (which may include retail brokers and wholesale brokers and London Market brokers). Insurance firms in turn can pass on excess risk to reinsurance firms, via reinsurance brokers. Insurance underwriting requires large amounts of capital, so the industry tends to be dominated […]

The current EU regulatory regime The EU has very limited competence in the area of education policy; in particular, the provision and regulation of the HE sector (including access to student finance) is a matter for Member States. Higher education policy, including on student finance, is a devolved matter and so the systems and eligibility […]

Description of the sector Financial Technology, or “FinTech” is not a sub-sector of financial services in the traditional sense of describing a particular activity or business model within the wider financial services market. Rather, it is a label applied to firms operating across a wide range of financial services sectors, which use new technology to […]

Electronics and Machinery Sector Report This report covers both the Parts and Machinery sector and the Electronics and Electrical Sector. As defined these sectors combined contribute c. £28bn to UK GVA Parts and machinery ‘Parts and Machinery’ is used to describe a discrete subset of UK manufacturing (the manufacture, installation and repair of machinery and […]

Description of sector In the Gambling Act 2005, gambling is defined as betting, gaming or participating in a lottery. The commercial gambling sector includes betting, arcades, casinos and bingo both land-based and online operators. Loteries can only be run for good causes and cannot be run for commercial or private gain. The current EU regulatory regime […]

Description of sector As an island nation, the UK has been dependent on the sea for its trade and defence throughout history, and strong traditions of merchant seafaring can be traced back hundreds of years. The UK maritime sector is comprised of several distinct, but connected, sub-sectors spread across the country including: a large and […]

Description of the sector The market provision of medical services includes the following three sub sectors: a. The ophthalmology sub-sector, which combines provision of medical services and retail alongside provision of services to the NHS. b. The dentistry sub-sector, which provides private medical services alongside NHS services, as well as cosmetic dentistry, which is not available […]

Description of Sector The UK has been a member of the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) since joining the European Common Market in 1973. On 29 March 2017 the Prime Minister notified the European Commission that the UK would be leaving the European Union and consequently the Euratom Community. The Euratom Treaty, which covers civil nuclear […]

  The Current EU Regulatory regime International rules and standards The International Energy Agency (IEA) works to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy for its 29 member countries which include most EU Member States as well as 9 others (US, Japan, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Turkey, Norway, Switzerland and Korea). Member countries must be members […]

The current EU regulatory regime EU Postal Services legislation stipulates that basic postal user needs are met under a Universal Service Obligation (USO) which sets minimum standards to be guaranteed by Member States and more widely across the sector. The Postal Services Act 2011 sets minimum requirements for the UK postal service, which can only be changed […]

The current EU regulatory regime A range of EU directives and regulations apply to the rail sector; in particular, the four ‘Railway Packages’ of EU legislation, the latest of which – the 4th Railway Package – is dueto be transposed by Member States over the next few years. EU law sets out technical and safety […]

Description of sector Unless otherwise stated, retail in this context is defined as sales by retailers directly to end consumers, including spending on goods (in-store and online).This analysis does not cover the movement of materials imported for the goods to be sold, which is covered under consumer goods, food and drink and other sectoral reports. Retail […]

Retail and Corporate Banking Sector For the purpose of this analysis, banking is split into three functions: – Retail banking – individual/consumer deposit taking and lending; – Business/Corporate banking – including lending and other banking services offered to large businesses; and – Investment (or wholesale) banking – markets activity and other ancillary services. This paper looks […]

Description of sector This report is focused upon road haulage and road passenger transport (buses and coaches), and also considers broader logistics impacts. Road Haulage Under the broad heading of road haulage there are many segments, each with their own operating model. Haulage companies range from large logistics companies through to operators with a single vehicle. […]

Description of sector The global space economy market is valued at between £155 billion and £190 billion, and it is estimated to grow to £400 billion by 2030.1 The UK space sector has trebled in size in real terms since 2000 (see Figure 1). With a turnover of £13.7billion (2014/15), the UK currently captures between 6.3% […]

Description of sector The steel sector consists of a wide range of activities, from primary steelmaking at large steel works through to the production of advanced steel-based components for specialised applications. It supplies key materials and components across the supply chain for many other sectors, including construction, automotive, energy, rail, defence, aerospace and packaging. European […]

Sector Overview The UK digital sector covers digital goods, digital services and digitally-enabled transactions of goods and services, whether digitally or physically delivered, involving consumers, business or government, all of which are underpinned by movement of data across borders. The digital sector includes: audio-visual (AV); e-commerce; telecommunications; data; and a raft of emerging sectors, such […]

Sector Overview The availability of telecoms infrastructure underpins much of the economic and social activity in the UK and is considered by many to be of great importance (e.g. a broadband connection is now considered essential by most people) Electronic communications (telecoms) networks and services include fixed and wireless based communications such as broadband, voice […]

Description of the sector “Wholesale capital markets” covers a wide range of capital market linked activity. The subsector includes, in particular, many of the services traditionally associated with investment banks, such as Goldman Sachs and JP Morgan. It also includes banking activity carried out by more diversified market actors such as Barclays and HSBC. Beyond […]

Description of sector The real estate sector covers the buying, selling and management of property. We have used for this sectoral assessment the international definition of real estate in the SIC (2007) codes, which breaks down real estate into the following (see Annex A fora more detailed breakdown): a. 68.1 Buying and selling of own […]

Description of sector In order to provide a comprehensive analysis of the sector, a wide definition of the construction sector is used, including construction products and services. This will create some overlaps with other sectors (e.g. on products there will be overlaps with manufacturing sectors while construction services will overlap with Professional and Business Services). […]

Description of sector “Consumer goods” is a collection of goods categories (drawn from ONS 2-digit Standard Industry Classification codes) that do not neatly fit into other sectors.Defined in this way, consumer goods represent a relatively small contribution to the national economy, both in terms of value added and employment. However, in many local areas, the […]

Description of the Sector Payment systems and services provide the means by which funds are transferred electronically between payers and payees – as such they are a vital element of the domestic and international economic system.Payment systems are the plumbing of the financial system. Each one consists of a set of rules and procedures that […]